Central concept in analytical psychology: lifelong process of integrating conscious ego with unconscious archetypes to achieve Self-realization, involving shadow-work, anima/animus integration, and transcendent function development.

Viewed as ego development through resolution of psychosexual conflicts; emphasizes overcoming childhood fixations and developing mature defense mechanisms rather than spiritual wholeness.

Process of becoming aware of and integrating fragmented parts of self through present-moment experience; emphasizes contact with environment and completing unfinished psychological business.

Development of coherent self-schema through cognitive restructuring; involves challenging maladaptive beliefs and developing adaptive thought patterns about identity and capabilities.

Development of unique adaptations enhancing survival and reproduction; involves balancing individual differentiation with group cohesion through evolved psychological mechanisms.

Harmonizing with Tao or achieving Buddha-nature through self-cultivation; emphasizes balancing yin-yang energies within and aligning with cosmic order rather than Western individualism.

Moksha or liberation from samsara through self-realization of Atman-Brahman unity; involves yogic practices, dharma fulfillment, and transcending ego-identification.

Submission to divine will (Islam) or finding one's unique role in God's plan; emphasizes community integration alongside personal spiritual development through religious practice.

Romantic and existential traditions emphasizing authentic self-expression; historical focus on genius cultivation, with modern emphasis on personal autonomy and self-determination.

Becoming complete person through community relationships and ancestral connections; emphasizes Ubuntu philosophy where individuality develops through interconnectedness with others.

Mestizaje or cultural mixing as path to selfhood; emphasizes integrating indigenous, European, and African heritage into coherent identity through syncretic spiritual practices.

Self-actualization through therapy, mindfulness, and personal development; often commercialized as self-improvement industry while retaining psychological depth in clinical contexts.