The Self as archetype of wholeness and center of personality, representing the psyche's totality. Individuation process goal, balancing conscious/unconscious. Modern therapy uses it for integration work.

Ego ideal manifestation, representing wish-fulfillment of perfected self. Often parental introject symbol. Modern psychoanalysis views as superego expression of moral aspirations.

Holistic self-concept emerging from awareness integration. Empty chair technique explores self-dialogue. Modern therapy emphasizes present-moment self-awareness and responsibility.

Self-schema activation during REM sleep, processing identity information. Memory consolidation of self-concept. Modern research links to default mode network activity during dreaming.

Adaptive self-representation for social navigation and survival planning. Theory of mind development. Modern perspective: threat simulation of identity challenges.

Atman in Hinduism - eternal soul identical with Brahman. Jainism's jiva - conscious essence. Modern yoga/meditation practices aim for self-realization (moksha) through spiritual disciplines.

Daoist 'true self' (zhenwo) in harmony with Dao. Buddhist anatman (no-self) as liberation from ego. Modern mindfulness practices cultivate non-attachment to self-concept.

Sufi nafs - stages of soul purification toward divine unity. Islamic fitrah - innate human nature. Modern practices include dhikr (remembrance) for self-transcendence.

Platonic soul recollection of ideal forms. Christian imago Dei - self as God's image. Modern existential philosophy explores authentic self versus social conditioning.

Vital force (ashé, ntoro) connecting to ancestors and community. Ubuntu philosophy: self through others. Modern diaspora spirituality emphasizes ancestral self-connection.

Indigenous concepts of dreaming self as spirit journeyer. Vision quest traditions for self-discovery. Modern Native spirituality maintains ceremonial practices for self-knowledge.

Cross-cultural archetype of inner divinity or essential nature. Near-death experiences commonly report self-encounters. Modern transpersonal psychology studies universal self-transcendence experiences.